PTRACE(2)

NAME
ptrace - process tracing and debugging

LIBRARY
libc

SYNOPSIS
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/ptrace.h>
int
ptrace(int request, pid_t pid, caddr_t addr, int data);

DESCRIPTION
The ptrace() system call provides tracing and debugging facilities. It allows one process (the tracing process) to control another (the traced process). The tracing process must first attach to the traced process, and then issue a series of ptrace() system calls to control the execution of the process, as well as access process memory and register state. For the duration of the tracing session, the traced process will be “re-parented”, with its parent process ID (and resulting behavior) changed to the tracing process. It is permissible for a tracing process to attach to more than one other process at a time. When the tracing process has completed its work, it must detach the traced process; if a tracing process exits without first detaching all processes it has attached, those processes will be killed.

Most of the time, the traced process runs normally, but when it receives a signal (see sigaction(2)), it stops. The tracing process is expected to notice this via wait(2) or the delivery of a SIGCHLD signal, examine the state of the stopped process, and cause it to terminate or continue as appropriate. The signal may be a normal process signal, generated as a result of traced process behavior, or use of the kill(2) system call; alternatively, it may be generated by the tracing facility as a result of attaching, stepping by the tracing process, or an event in the traced process. The tracing process may choose to intercept the signal, using it to observe process behavior (such as SIGTRAP), or forward the signal to the process if appropriate. The ptrace() system call is the mechanism by which all this happens.

A traced process may report additional signal stops corresponding to events in the traced process. These additional signal stops are reported as SIGTRAP or SIGSTOP signals. The tracing process can use the PT_LWPINFO request to determine which events are associated with a SIGTRAP or SIGSTOP signal. Note that multiple events may be associated with a single signal. For example, events indicated by the PL_FLAG_BORN, PL_FLAG_FORKED, and PL_FLAG_EXEC flags are also reported as a system call exit event (PL_FLAG_SCX). The signal stop for a new child process enabled via PTRACE_FORK will report a SIGSTOP signal. All other additional signal stops use SIGTRAP.

DETACH AND TERMINATION

Normally, exiting tracing process should wait for all pending debugging events and then detach from all alive traced processes before exiting using PT_DETACH request. If tracing process exits without detaching, for instance due to abnormal termination, the destiny of the traced children processes is determined by the kern.kill_on_debugger_exit sysctl control.

If the control is set to the default value 1, such traced processes are terminated. If set to zero, kernel implicitly detaches traced processes. Traced processes are un-stopped if needed, and then continue the execution without tracing. Kernel drops any SIGTRAP signals queued to the traced children, which could be either generated by not yet consumed debug events, or sent by other means, the later should not be done anyway.

DISABLING PTRACE
The ptrace subsystem provides rich facilities to manipulate other processes state. Sometimes it may be desirable to disallow it either completely, or limit its scope. The following controls are provided for this:

security.bsd.allow_ptrace
    Setting this sysctl to zero value makes ptrace(2) return ENOSYS always as if the syscall is not implemented by the kernel.

security.bsd.unprivileged_proc_debug
    Setting this sysctl to zero disallows use of ptrace() by unprivileged processes.

security.bsd.see_other_uids
    Setting this sysctl to zero value disallows ptrace() requests from targeting processes with the real user identifier different from the real user identifier of the caller. The requests return ESRCH if policy is not met.

security.bsd.see_other_gids
    Setting this sysctl to zero value disallows ptrace() requests from process belonging to a group that is not also one of the group of the target process. The requests return ESRCH if policy is not met.

securelevel and init
    The init(1) process can only be traced with ptrace if securelevel is zero.

procctl(2) PROC_TRACE_CTL
    Process can deny attempts to trace itself with procctl(2) PROC_TRACE_CTL request. In this case requests return EPERM error.

TRACING EVENTS

Each traced process has a tracing event mask. An event in the traced process only reports a signal stop if the corresponding flag is set in the tracing event mask. The current set of tracing event flags include:

PTRACE_EXEC
    Report a stop for a successful invocation of execve(2). This event is indicated by the PL_FLAG_EXEC flag in the pl_flags member of struct ptrace_lwpinfo.

PTRACE_SCE
    Report a stop on each system call entry. This event is indicated by the PL_FLAG_SCE flag in the pl_flags member of struct ptrace_lwpinfo.

PTRACE_SCX
    Report a stop on each system call exit. This event is indicated by the PL_FLAG_SCX flag in the pl_flags member of struct ptrace_lwpinfo.

PTRACE_SYSCALL
    Report stops for both system call entry and exit.

PTRACE_FORK
    This event flag controls tracing for new child processes of a traced process.

    When this event flag is enabled, new child processes will enable tracing and stop before executing their first instruction. The new child process will include the PL_FLAG_CHILD flag in the pl_flags member of struct ptrace_lwpinfo. The traced process will report a stop that includes the PL_FLAG_FORKED flag. The process ID of the new child process will also be present in the pl_child_pid member of struct ptrace_lwpinfo. If the new child process was created via vfork(2), the traced process's stop will also include the PL_FLAG_VFORKED flag. Note that new child processes will be attached with the default tracing event mask; they do not inherit the event mask of the traced process.

    When this event flag is not enabled, new child processes will execute without tracing enabled.

PTRACE_LWP
    This event flag controls tracing of LWP (kernel thread) creation and destruction. When this event is enabled, new LWPs will stop and report an event with PL_FLAG_BORN set before executing their first instruction, and exiting LWPs will stop and report an event with PL_FLAG_EXITED set before completing their termination.

    Note that new processes do not report an event for the creation of their initial thread, and exiting processes do not report an event for the termination of the last thread.

PTRACE_VFORK
    Report a stop event when a parent process resumes after a vfork(2).

    When a thread in the traced process creates a new child process via vfork(2), the stop that reports PL_FLAG_FORKED and PL_FLAG_SCX occurs just after the child process is created, but before the thread waits for the child process to stop sharing process memory. If a debugger is not tracing the new child process, it must ensure that no breakpoints are enabled in the shared process memory before detaching from the new child process. This means that no breakpoints are enabled in the parent process either.

    The PTRACE_VFORK flag enables a new stop that indicates when the new child process stops sharing the process memory of the parent process. A debugger can reinsert breakpoints in the parent process and resume it in response to this event. This event is indicated by setting the PL_FLAG_VFORK_DONE flag.

The default tracing event mask when attaching to a process via PT_ATTACH, PT_TRACE_ME, or PTRACE_FORK includes only PTRACE_EXEC events. All other event flags are disabled.

PTRACE REQUESTS

The request argument specifies what operation is being performed; the meaning of the rest of the arguments depends on the operation, but except for one special case noted below, all ptrace() calls are made by the tracing process, and the pid argument specifies the process ID of the traced process or a corresponding thread ID. The request argument can be:

PT_TRACE_ME
    This request is the only one used by the traced process; it declares that the process expects to be traced by its parent. All the other arguments are ignored. (If the parent process does not expect to trace the child, it will probably be rather confused by the results; once the traced process stops, it cannot be made to continue except via ptrace().) When a process has used this request and calls execve(2) or any of the routines built on it (such as execv(3)), it will stop before executing the first instruction of the new image. Also, any setuid or setgid bits on the executable being executed will be ignored. If the child was created by vfork(2) system call or rfork(2) call with the RFMEM flag specified, the debugging events are reported to the parent only after the execve(2) is executed.

PT_READ_I, PT_READ_D
    These requests read a single int of data from the traced process's address space. Traditionally, ptrace() has allowed for machines with distinct address spaces for instruction and data, which is why there are two requests: conceptually, PT_READ_I reads from the instruction space and PT_READ_D reads from the data space. In the current FreeBSD implementation, these two requests are completely identical. The addr argument specifies the address (in the traced process's virtual address space) at which the read is to be done. This address does not have to meet any alignment constraints. The value read is returned as the return value from ptrace().

PT_WRITE_I, PT_WRITE_D
    These requests parallel PT_READ_I and PT_READ_D, except that they write rather than read. The data argument supplies the value to be written.

PT_IO
    This request allows reading and writing arbitrary amounts of data in the traced process's address space. The addr argument specifies a pointer to a struct ptrace_io_desc, which is defined as follows:

        struct ptrace_io_desc {
        	int	piod_op;	/* I/O operation */
        	void	*piod_offs;	/* child offset */
        	void	*piod_addr;	/* parent offset */
        	size_t	piod_len;	/* request length */
        };
        /*
         * Operations in piod_op.
         */
        #define PIOD_READ_D	1	/* Read from D space */
        #define PIOD_WRITE_D	2	/* Write to D space */
        #define PIOD_READ_I	3	/* Read from I space */
        #define PIOD_WRITE_I	4	/* Write to I space */

    The data argument is ignored. The actual number of bytes read or written is stored in piod_len upon return.

PT_CONTINUE
    The traced process continues execution. The addr argument is an address specifying the place where execution is to be resumed (a new value for the program counter), or (caddr_t)1 to indicate that execution is to pick up where it left off. The data argument provides a signal number to be delivered to the traced process as it resumes execution, or 0 if no signal is to be sent.

PT_STEP
    The traced process is single stepped one instruction. The addr argument should be passed (caddr_t)1. The data argument provides a signal number to be delivered to the traced process as it resumes execution, or 0 if no signal is to be sent.

PT_KILL
    The traced process terminates, as if PT_CONTINUE had been used with SIGKILL given as the signal to be delivered.

PT_ATTACH
    This request allows a process to gain control of an otherwise unrelated process and begin tracing it. It does not need any cooperation from the to-be-traced process. In this case, pid specifies the process ID of the to-be-traced process, and the other two arguments are ignored. This request requires that the target process must have the same real UID as the tracing process, and that it must not be executing a setuid or setgid executable. (If the tracing process is running as root, these restrictions do not apply.) The tracing process will see the newly-traced process stop and may then control it as if it had been traced all along.

PT_DETACH
    This request is like PT_CONTINUE, except that it does not allow specifying an alternate place to continue execution, and after it succeeds, the traced process is no longer traced and continues execution normally.

PT_GETREGS
    This request reads the traced process's machine registers into the “ struct reg ” (defined in <machine/reg.h>) pointed to by addr.

PT_SETREGS
    This request is the converse of PT_GETREGS; it loads the traced process's machine registers from the “ struct reg ” (defined in <machine/reg.h>) pointed to by addr.

PT_GETFPREGS
    This request reads the traced process's floating-point registers into the “ struct fpreg ” (defined in <machine/reg.h>) pointed to by addr.

PT_SETFPREGS
    This request is the converse of PT_GETFPREGS; it loads the traced process's floating-point registers from the “ struct fpreg ” (defined in <machine/reg.h>) pointed to by addr.

PT_GETDBREGS
    This request reads the traced process's debug registers into the “ struct dbreg ” (defined in <machine/reg.h>) pointed to by addr.

PT_SETDBREGS
    This request is the converse of PT_GETDBREGS; it loads the traced process's debug registers from the “ struct dbreg ” (defined in <machine/reg.h>) pointed to by addr.

PT_GETREGSET
    This request reads the registers from the traced process. The data argument specifies the register set to read, with the addr argument pointing at a struct iovec where the iov_base field points to a register set specific structure to hold the registers, and the iov_len field holds the length of the structure.

PT_SETREGSET
    This request writes to the registers of the traced process. The data argument specifies the register set to write to, with the addr argument pointing at a struct iovec where the iov_base field points to a register set specific structure to hold the registers, and the iov_len field holds the length of the structure. If iov_base is NULL the kernel will return the expected length of the register set specific structure in the iov_len field and not change the target register set.

PT_LWPINFO
    This request can be used to obtain information about the kernel thread, also known as light-weight process, that caused the traced process to stop. The addr argument specifies a pointer to a struct ptrace_lwpinfo, which is defined as follows:

        struct ptrace_lwpinfo {
        	lwpid_t pl_lwpid;
        	int	pl_event;
        	int	pl_flags;
        	sigset_t pl_sigmask;
        	sigset_t pl_siglist;
        	siginfo_t pl_siginfo;
        	char	pl_tdname[MAXCOMLEN + 1];
        	pid_t	pl_child_pid;
        	u_int	pl_syscall_code;
        	u_int	pl_syscall_narg;
        };

    The data argument is to be set to the size of the structure known to the caller. This allows the structure to grow without affecting older programs.

    The fields in the struct ptrace_lwpinfo have the following meaning:
    pl_lwpid
        LWP id of the thread
    pl_event
        Event that caused the stop. Currently defined events are:
        PL_EVENT_NONE
            No reason given
        PL_EVENT_SIGNAL
            Thread stopped due to the pending signal
    pl_flags
        Flags that specify additional details about observed stop. Currently defined flags are:
        PL_FLAG_SCE
            The thread stopped due to system call entry, right after the kernel is entered. The debugger may examine syscall arguments that are stored in memory and registers according to the ABI of the current process, and modify them, if needed.
        PL_FLAG_SCX
            The thread is stopped immediately before syscall is returning to the usermode. The debugger may examine system call return values in the ABI-defined registers and/or memory.
        PL_FLAG_EXEC
            When PL_FLAG_SCX is set, this flag may be additionally specified to inform that the program being executed by debuggee process has been changed by successful execution of a system call from the execve(2) family.
        PL_FLAG_SI
            Indicates that pl_siginfo member of struct ptrace_lwpinfo contains valid information.
        PL_FLAG_FORKED
            Indicates that the process is returning from a call to fork(2) that created a new child process. The process identifier of the new process is available in the pl_child_pid member of struct ptrace_lwpinfo.
        PL_FLAG_CHILD
            The flag is set for first event reported from a new child which is automatically attached when PTRACE_FORK is enabled.
        PL_FLAG_BORN
            This flag is set for the first event reported from a new LWP when PTRACE_LWP is enabled. It is reported along with PL_FLAG_SCX.
        PL_FLAG_EXITED
            This flag is set for the last event reported by an exiting LWP when PTRACE_LWP is enabled. Note that this event is not reported when the last LWP in a process exits. The termination of the last thread is reported via a normal process exit event.
        PL_FLAG_VFORKED
            Indicates that the thread is returning from a call to vfork(2) that created a new child process. This flag is set in addition to PL_FLAG_FORKED.
        PL_FLAG_VFORK_DONE
            Indicates that the thread has resumed after a child process created via vfork(2) has stopped sharing its address space with the traced process.
    pl_sigmask
        The current signal mask of the LWP
    pl_siglist
        The current pending set of signals for the LWP. Note that signals that are delivered to the process would not appear on an LWP siglist until the thread is selected for delivery.
    pl_siginfo
        The siginfo that accompanies the signal pending. Only valid for PL_EVENT_SIGNAL stop when PL_FLAG_SI is set in pl_flags.
    pl_tdname
        The name of the thread.
    pl_child_pid
        The process identifier of the new child process. Only valid for a PL_EVENT_SIGNAL stop when PL_FLAG_FORKED is set in pl_flags.
    pl_syscall_code
        The ABI-specific identifier of the current system call. Note that for indirect system calls this field reports the indirected system call. Only valid when PL_FLAG_SCE or PL_FLAG_SCX is set in pl_flags.
    pl_syscall_narg
        The number of arguments passed to the current system call not counting the system call identifier. Note that for indirect system calls this field reports the arguments passed to the indirected system call. Only valid when PL_FLAG_SCE or PL_FLAG_SCX is set in pl_flags.

PT_GETNUMLWPS
    This request returns the number of kernel threads associated with the traced process.

PT_GETLWPLIST
    This request can be used to get the current thread list. A pointer to an array of type lwpid_t should be passed in addr, with the array size specified by data. The return value from ptrace() is the count of array entries filled in.

PT_SETSTEP
    This request will turn on single stepping of the specified process. Stepping is automatically disabled when a single step trap is caught.

PT_CLEARSTEP
    This request will turn off single stepping of the specified process.

PT_SUSPEND
    This request will suspend the specified thread.

PT_RESUME
    This request will resume the specified thread.

PT_TO_SCE
    This request will set the PTRACE_SCE event flag to trace all future system call entries and continue the process. The addr and data arguments are used the same as for PT_CONTINUE.

PT_TO_SCX
    This request will set the PTRACE_SCX event flag to trace all future system call exits and continue the process. The addr and data arguments are used the same as for PT_CONTINUE.

PT_SYSCALL
    This request will set the PTRACE_SYSCALL event flag to trace all future system call entries and exits and continue the process. The addr and data arguments are used the same as for PT_CONTINUE.

PT_GET_SC_ARGS
    For the thread which is stopped in either PL_FLAG_SCE or PL_FLAG_SCX state, that is, on entry or exit to a syscall, this request fetches the syscall arguments.

    The arguments are copied out into the buffer pointed to by the addr pointer, sequentially. Each syscall argument is stored as the machine word. Kernel copies out as many arguments as the syscall accepts, see the pl_syscall_narg member of the struct ptrace_lwpinfo, but not more than the data bytes in total are copied.

PT_GET_SC_RET
    Fetch the system call return values on exit from a syscall. This request is only valid for threads stopped in a syscall exit (the PL_FLAG_SCX state). The addr argument specifies a pointer to a struct ptrace_sc_ret, which is defined as follows:

        struct ptrace_sc_ret {
        	register_t	sr_retval[2];
        	int		sr_error;
        };

    The data argument is set to the size of the structure.

    If the system call completed successfully, sr_error is set to zero and the return values of the system call are saved in sr_retval. If the system call failed to execute, sr_error field is set to a positive errno(2) value. If the system call completed in an unusual fashion, sr_error is set to a negative value:
    ERESTART
        System call will be restarted.
    EJUSTRETURN
        System call completed sucessfully but did not set a return value (for example, setcontext(2) and sigreturn(2)).

PT_FOLLOW_FORK
    This request controls tracing for new child processes of a traced process. If data is non-zero, PTRACE_FORK is set in the traced process's event tracing mask. If data is zero, PTRACE_FORK is cleared from the traced process's event tracing mask.

PT_LWP_EVENTS
    This request controls tracing of LWP creation and destruction. If data is non-zero, PTRACE_LWP is set in the traced process's event tracing mask. If data is zero, PTRACE_LWP is cleared from the traced process's event tracing mask.

PT_GET_EVENT_MASK
    This request reads the traced process's event tracing mask into the integer pointed to by addr. The size of the integer must be passed in data.

PT_SET_EVENT_MASK
    This request sets the traced process's event tracing mask from the integer pointed to by addr. The size of the integer must be passed in data.

PT_VM_TIMESTAMP
    This request returns the generation number or timestamp of the memory map of the traced process as the return value from ptrace(). This provides a low-cost way for the tracing process to determine if the VM map changed since the last time this request was made.

PT_VM_ENTRY
    This request is used to iterate over the entries of the VM map of the traced process. The addr argument specifies a pointer to a struct ptrace_vm_entry, which is defined as follows:

        struct ptrace_vm_entry {
        	int		pve_entry;
        	int		pve_timestamp;
        	u_long		pve_start;
        	u_long		pve_end;
        	u_long		pve_offset;
        	u_int		pve_prot;
        	u_int		pve_pathlen;
        	long		pve_fileid;
        	uint32_t	pve_fsid;
        	char		*pve_path;
        };

    The first entry is returned by setting pve_entry to zero. Subsequent entries are returned by leaving pve_entry unmodified from the value returned by previous requests. The pve_timestamp field can be used to detect changes to the VM map while iterating over the entries. The tracing process can then take appropriate action, such as restarting. By setting pve_pathlen to a non-zero value on entry, the pathname of the backing object is returned in the buffer pointed to by pve_path, provided the entry is backed by a vnode. The pve_pathlen field is updated with the actual length of the pathname (including the terminating null character). The pve_offset field is the offset within the backing object at which the range starts. The range is located in the VM space at pve_start and extends up to pve_end (inclusive).

    The data argument is ignored.

PT_COREDUMP
    This request creates a coredump for the stopped program. The addr argument specifies a pointer to a struct ptrace_coredump, which is defined as follows:

        struct ptrace_coredump {
        	int		pc_fd;
        	uint32_t	pc_flags;
        	off_t		pc_limit;
        };

    The fields of the structure are:

    pc_fd
        File descriptor to write the dump to. It must refer to a regular file, opened for writing.

    pc_flags
        Flags. The following flags are defined:

        PC_COMPRESS
            Request compression of the dump.

        PC_ALL
            Include non-dumpable entries into the dump. The dumper ignores MAP_NOCORE flag of the process map entry, but device mappings are not dumped even with PC_ALL set.

    pc_limit
        Maximum size of the coredump. Specify zero for no limit.

    The size of struct ptrace_coredump must be passed in data.

    The process must be stopped before dumping core. A single thread in the target process is temporarily unsuspended in kernel to write the dump. If the ptrace call fails before a thread is unsuspended, there is no event to waitpid(2) for. If a thread was unsuspended, it will stop again before the ptrace call returns, and the process must be waited upon using waitpid(2) to consume the new stop event. Since it is hard to deduce whether a thread was unsuspended before an error occurred, it is recommended to unconditionally perform waitpid(2) with WNOHANG flag after PT_COREDUMP, and silently accept zero result from it.

ARM MACHINE-SPECIFIC REQUESTS

PT_GETVFPREGS
    Return the thread's VFP machine state in the buffer pointed to by addr.

    The data argument is ignored.

PT_SETVFPREGS
    Set the thread's VFP machine state from the buffer pointed to by addr.

    The data argument is ignored.

x86 MACHINE-SPECIFIC REQUESTS

PT_GETXMMREGS
    Copy the XMM FPU state into the buffer pointed to by the argument addr. The buffer has the same layout as the 32-bit save buffer for the machine instruction FXSAVE.

    This request is only valid for i386 programs, both on native 32-bit systems and on amd64 kernels. For 64-bit amd64 programs, the XMM state is reported as part of the FPU state returned by the PT_GETFPREGS request.

    The data argument is ignored.

PT_SETXMMREGS
    Load the XMM FPU state for the thread from the buffer pointed to by the argument addr. The buffer has the same layout as the 32-bit load buffer for the machine instruction FXRSTOR.

    As with PT_GETXMMREGS, this request is only valid for i386 programs.

    The data argument is ignored.

PT_GETXSTATE_INFO
    Report which XSAVE FPU extensions are supported by the CPU and allowed in userspace programs. The addr argument must point to a variable of type struct ptrace_xstate_info, which contains the information on the request return. struct ptrace_xstate_info is defined as follows:

        struct ptrace_xstate_info {
        	uint64_t	xsave_mask;
        	uint32_t	xsave_len;
        };

    The xsave_mask field is a bitmask of the currently enabled extensions. The meaning of the bits is defined in the Intel and AMD processor documentation. The xsave_len field reports the length of the XSAVE area for storing the hardware state for currently enabled extensions in the format defined by the x86 XSAVE machine instruction.

    The data argument value must be equal to the size of the struct ptrace_xstate_info.

PT_GETXSTATE
    Return the content of the XSAVE area for the thread. The addr argument points to the buffer where the content is copied, and the data argument specifies the size of the buffer. The kernel copies out as much content as allowed by the buffer size. The buffer layout is specified by the layout of the save area for the XSAVE machine instruction.

PT_SETXSTATE
    Load the XSAVE state for the thread from the buffer specified by the addr pointer. The buffer size is passed in the data argument. The buffer must be at least as large as the struct savefpu (defined in x86/fpu.h) to allow the complete x87 FPU and XMM state load. It must not be larger than the XSAVE state length, as reported by the xsave_len field from the struct ptrace_xstate_info of the PT_GETXSTATE_INFO request. Layout of the buffer is identical to the layout of the load area for the XRSTOR machine instruction.

PT_GETFSBASE
    Return the value of the base used when doing segmented memory addressing using the %fs segment register. The addr argument points to an unsigned long variable where the base value is stored.

    The data argument is ignored.

PT_GETGSBASE
    Like the PT_GETFSBASE request, but returns the base for the %gs segment register.

PT_SETFSBASE
    Set the base for the %fs segment register to the value pointed to by the addr argument. addr must point to the unsigned long variable containing the new base.

    The data argument is ignored.

PT_SETGSBASE
    Like the PT_SETFSBASE request, but sets the base for the %gs segment register.

PowerPC MACHINE-SPECIFIC REQUESTS

PT_GETVRREGS
    Return the thread's ALTIVEC machine state in the buffer pointed to by addr.

    The data argument is ignored.

PT_SETVRREGS
    Set the thread's ALTIVEC machine state from the buffer pointed to by addr.

    The data argument is ignored.

PT_GETVSRREGS
    Return doubleword 1 of the thread's VSX registers VSR0-VSR31 in the buffer pointed to by addr.

    The data argument is ignored.

PT_SETVSRREGS
    Set doubleword 1 of the thread's VSX registers VSR0-VSR31 from the buffer pointed to by addr.

    The data argument is ignored.

Additionally, other machine-specific requests can exist.

RETURN VALUES
Most requests return 0 on success and -1 on error. Some requests can cause ptrace() to return -1 as a non-error value, among them are PT_READ_I and PT_READ_D, which return the value read from the process memory on success. To disambiguate, errno can be set to 0 before the call and checked afterwards.

The current ptrace() implementation always sets errno to 0 before calling into the kernel, both for historic reasons and for consistency with other operating systems. It is recommended to assign zero to errno explicitly for forward compatibility.

ERRORS
The ptrace() system call may fail if:

[ESRCH]
    •   No process having the specified process ID exists.

[EINVAL]
    •   A process attempted to use PT_ATTACH on itself.
    •   The request argument was not one of the legal requests.
    •   The signal number (in data) to PT_CONTINUE was neither 0 nor a legal signal number.
    •   PT_GETREGS, PT_SETREGS, PT_GETFPREGS, PT_SETFPREGS, PT_GETDBREGS, or PT_SETDBREGS was attempted on a process with no valid register set. (This is normally true only of system processes.)
    •   PT_VM_ENTRY was given an invalid value for pve_entry. This can also be caused by changes to the VM map of the process.
    •   The size (in data) provided to PT_LWPINFO was less than or equal to zero, or larger than the ptrace_lwpinfo structure known to the kernel.
    •   The size (in data) provided to the x86-specific PT_GETXSTATE_INFO request was not equal to the size of the struct ptrace_xstate_info.
    •   The size (in data) provided to the x86-specific PT_SETXSTATE request was less than the size of the x87 plus the XMM save area.
    •   The size (in data) provided to the x86-specific PT_SETXSTATE request was larger than returned in the xsave_len member of the struct ptrace_xstate_info from the PT_GETXSTATE_INFO request.
    •   The base value, provided to the amd64-specific requests PT_SETFSBASE or PT_SETGSBASE, pointed outside of the valid user address space. This error will not occur in 32-bit programs.

[EBUSY]
    •   PT_ATTACH was attempted on a process that was already being traced.
    •   A request attempted to manipulate a process that was being traced by some process other than the one making the request.
    •   A request (other than PT_ATTACH) specified a process that was not stopped.

[EPERM]
    •   A request (other than PT_ATTACH) attempted to manipulate a process that was not being traced at all.
    •   An attempt was made to use PT_ATTACH on a process in violation of the requirements listed under PT_ATTACH above.

[ENOENT]
    •   PT_VM_ENTRY previously returned the last entry of the memory map. No more entries exist.

[ENOMEM]
    •   A PT_READ_I, PT_READ_D, PT_WRITE_I, or PT_WRITE_D request attempted to access an invalid address, or a memory allocation failure occurred when accessing process memory.

[ENAMETOOLONG]
    •   PT_VM_ENTRY cannot return the pathname of the backing object because the buffer is not big enough. pve_pathlen holds the minimum buffer size required on return.

SEE ALSO
execve(2), sigaction(2), wait(2), execv(3), i386_clr_watch(3), i386_set_watch(3)

HISTORY
The ptrace() function appeared in AT&T UNIX.